5/6/2023 0 Comments Whitecap distributionWind forcing in the equilibrium range of wind-wave spectra. Void-fraction measurements and sound speed fields in bubble plumes generated by breaking waves. Air entrainment and dissipation in breaking waves. Variations of whitecap coverage with wind stress and water temperature. Optimal power-law description of oceanic whitecap coverage dependence on wind speed. High range resolution radar measurements of the speed distribution of breaking events in wind-generated ocean waves: Surface impulse and wave energy dissipation rates. Microwave backscatter and acoustic radiation from breaking waves. Laboratory measurements of deep-water breaking waves. An experimental investigation of breaking waves produced by a towed hydrofoil. Spectral and statistical properties of the equilibrium range in wind-generated gravity waves. Infrared remote sensing of breaking waves. The role of surface wave breaking in air-sea interaction. We also find that the fraction of the ocean surface mixed by breaking waves, which is important for air–sea exchange, is dominated by wave breaking at low velocities and short wavelengths. We find that the distribution of the length of breaking fronts per unit area of sea surface is proportional to the cube of the wind speed and that, within the measured range of the speed of the wave fronts, the length of breaking fronts per unit area is an exponential function of the speed of the front. Here we present measurements of wave breaking, using aerial imaging and analysis, and provide a statistical description of related sea-surface processes. But wave breaking is poorly quantified and understood. Wave breaking supports air–sea fluxes of heat and gas 1, 2, which have a profound effect on weather and climate. The development of the wave field depends on wind, wave–wave and wave–current interactions and wave dissipation owing to breaking, which is accompanied by momentum fluxes from waves to currents. Surface waves play an important role in the exchange of mass, momentum and energy between the atmosphere and the ocean.
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